{"id":4122,"date":"2026-05-11T13:16:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T13:16:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/siliconvalleymovingpost.com\/?p=4122"},"modified":"2026-05-11T13:16:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T13:16:57","slug":"from-just-say-no-to-narcan-how-drug-education-is-changing-in-a-modern-world-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/siliconvalleymovingpost.com\/?p=4122","title":{"rendered":"From \u2018Just Say No\u2019 to Narcan: How drug education is changing in a modern world"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

On a Saturday afternoon last year, more than a dozen teenagers gathered in Denver to learn about naloxone, a medicinal nasal spray that can reverse an overdose of the synthetic drug fentanyl and other opioids.<\/p>\n

Read more Schools often don\u2019t have any standardized drug education, relying on patchwork programs<\/a><\/p>\n

An expert from Denver Health led the group in discussing which specific drugs are considered opioids and how to identify the telltale signs of an overdose, like clammy or cold skin, a limp body, and lips and fingernails that look purple or blue. The teens also learned how to administer the nasal spray, commonly known by the brand name Narcan, and then put their newfound knowledge to use practicing how exactly they would do it in the event of an emergency.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s scary stuff, but for many teens, it\u2019s necessary knowledge in today\u2019s world.<\/p>\n

Suyash Shrestha, then a senior at Stargate School in Thornton, attended the event, but it wasn\u2019t his first training. Shrestha spent much of his high school years trying to spread awareness about the concept of harm reduction to people his age. Harm reduction provides teenagers with honest information about drugs, along with advice for those who already use them about strategies for doing so more safely.<\/p>\n

\u201cHarm reduction is something that not a lot of teens or youth even think about or even know exists,\u201d Shrestha said in an interview. \u201cIt ultimately creates that safer environment for the people who do need that information or do need those resources to come forward and get them\u2026 That\u2019s why we should continue pushing for that type of curriculum or education.\u201d<\/p>\n

Discussions about naloxone and other harm reduction strategies are becoming more commonplace in Colorado classrooms, as teachers and institutions seek to educate students against the backdrop of sweeping state drug reform and an ongoing fentanyl crisis nationwide. However, this is hardly the norm.<\/p>\n

Drug education, once ubiquitous in schools through the D.A.R.E. program, has struggled to find its footing in recent decades, even as changing cultural attitudes prompted marijuana legalization in many states across the country. In Colorado, a lack of consensus about approach and the logistical challenges of implementing curriculum have led to a patchwork of strategies where local control \u2014 which leaves it up to individual districts to decide the specifics of their health curricula \u2014 is the only standard.<\/p>\n

The Denver Post is publishing a three-part series exploring why drug education has been slow to keep pace with the legalization of drugs like cannabis and psilocybin, and the ubiquity of deadlier substances like opioids. In the wake of the \u201cJust Say No\u201d movement of the 1980s and \u201990s and a subsequent opioid epidemic, many local educators and organizations are embracing new philosophies about how to equip kids with the tools and information they need to lead successful lives.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n

Experts say drug education needs to be a more holistic endeavor \u2014 one that sees educators, community leaders, parents and youth working together to address the underlying causes of drug use and support healthier outcomes. For a generation of kids who have the world\u2019s information at their fingertips, effective education must ditch fear tactics and instead rely on factual information presented honestly and transparently, they say, so that youth can make their own informed decisions.<\/p>\n

As a member of the Rise Above Colorado\u2019s Teen Action Council and Northglenn\u2019s Youth Commission, Shrestha\u2019s passion stems from hearing personal stories of Coloradans overdosing on synthetic opioids and from wanting to help anyone who might find themselves in a similar situation. After he first learned there was a medication that could literally save lives, Shrestha thought everyone deserved to know about it, including teens and other students.<\/p>\n

Carrying naloxone was one way Shrestha saw he could potentially make a difference, and by teaching others to do so, he hoped to inspire his peers to be part of something meaningful \u2014 so that ultimately they make fewer harmful personal choices.<\/p>\n

From \u2018Just Say No\u2019 to \u2018just say nothing\u2019<\/h4>\n

Putting trust into the hands of school students is a stark departure from historical norms. Traditionally, Americans have relied on school-based curricula and fear-based educational campaigns that aim to scare kids straight.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n

Stigmatizing drug and alcohol use as a black-and-white moral issue has a long legacy in the U.S., said Steve Sussman, professor of population and public health sciences at the University of Southern California. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, books such as \u201cSafe Counsel, or, Practical Eugenics\u201d and \u201cSearchlights on Health\u201d advocated bettering oneself and society by embracing purity, resisting temptation and finding a suitable partner.<\/p>\n

The books, which were influential at the time, depicted two life paths for young men and women: They either grow up to be honest, decent citizens or, conversely, end up becoming degenerates depending on their life choices. For example, if boys decided to study and embrace purity, they would grow up to be honorable and venerable. However, if they choose to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol, they would become moral and physical wrecks.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere was nothing in between,\u201d Sussman said. \u201cFor females, you\u2019d either go the route of becoming a good mom, or you could end up going on the road to coquetry.\u201d<\/p>\n

Moral judgments like these became part of the school curriculum in the late 19th century, as the temperance movement gained momentum toward its goal of total abstinence. By 1901, the Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union had successfully lobbied every state in the union to mandate its Scientific Temperance Instruction in schools. The curriculum \u2014 which it\u2019s worth noting was criticized by scientists at the time \u2014 asserted alcohol was \u201ca dangerous and seductive poison\u201d and promoted total abstinence as the only solution for mental, moral and physical well-being.<\/p>\n

Scientific Temperance Instruction waned after Prohibition ended in 1933, but fear tactics remained a hallmark of campaigns to combat drug use and abuse.<\/p>\n

In 1936, the film \u201cReefer Madness\u201d warned parents about the dangers of marijuana, a \u201cfrightful assassin of our youth\u201d more threatening than opium, morphine and heroin. Three decades later, in 1963, that narrative persisted when a presidential commission called for an educational campaign to warn teenagers that \u201calthough the use of a drug may be a temporary means of escape from the world about him, in the long run these drugs will destroy him and all that he aspires to.\u201d<\/p>\n

The most famous effort, though, is D.A.R.E., or Drug Abuse Resistance Education. Started in 1983 as a partnership between the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified School District, it leveraged uniformed officers lecturing classrooms about various substances they saw on the job.<\/p>\n

The goal was to teach kids to \u201cJust Say No\u201d to drugs, gangs, violence and peer pressure, echoing the country\u2019s first lady at the time, Nancy Reagan. And it caught on quickly with the adults in power.<\/p>\n

By 1994, D.A.R.E. was the most widely used school-based prevention program, reaching an estimated 5.5 million fifth graders in more than 60% of the nation\u2019s school districts that year alone, The program continued to grow, and by 2009, it appeared in .<\/p>\n

Despite its popularity, though, studies showed that D.A.R.E. wasn\u2019t effective and that program participants were just as likely to use drugs as non-participants. In some cases, it had the opposite of its intended effect.<\/p>\n

After developing a new curriculum in the early aughts, called Take Charge of Your Life, researchers at the University of Akron in Ohio found that seventh graders and ninth graders who went through the program from 2001 to 2006 experienced higher rates of cigarette and alcohol use by 11th grade compared to a control group, and there was no reported change in active marijuana use. One positive effect was that seventh graders who used marijuana at the time they went through the program were less likely to continue doing so by 11th grade, the study found. In response to criticism, D.A.R.E. America retooled its curriculum for elementary and middle school students, starting in 2009.<\/p>\n

D.A.R.E. still exists today, though curricula focus more on social-emotional learning and \u201chelping kids learn to make healthy and safe decisions for a better life,\u201d said regional director Dennis Osborn. Core lessons no longer include information about specific drugs, he added, though there are specialized units dedicated to vaping, fentanyl\/opioids and marijuana.<\/p>\n

Read more How teens are teaching each other about drugs<\/a><\/p>\n

About 2,000 law enforcement agencies currently participate in the program compared to around 7,500 at its height, according to Frank Pegueros, CEO of D.A.R.E America.<\/p>\n

However controversial the content, D.A.R.E. provided the infrastructure, training and standardization necessary for drug education to proliferate widely. When that structure began to be dismantled in the 2010s, though, school-based drug education faltered, effectively leaving the generation of kids that followed to navigate the waters on their own.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe went from \u2018Just Say No\u2019 to \u2018just say nothing,\u2019\u201d said Rhana Hashemi, a social psychology researcher at Stanford University and founder of Know Drugs, which helps schools implement harm reduction education programs.<\/p>\n

At the same time, a lethal substance was gaining traction. From 1999 to 2023, approximately 806,000 people died from an opioid overdose, with a significant increase in the number of deaths attributable to illegally made fentanyl and fentanyl analogs saturating the illicit drug supply over the course of the last decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Overdose fatalities involving synthetic opioids (excluding methadone) increased from 3,105 in 2013 to 72,776 in 2023, accounting for 91.7% of all opioid-related deaths that year, .<\/p>\n

The widespread tragedy galvanized parents and politicians, who realized the pervasive \u201cjust say nothing\u201d culture wasn\u2019t cutting it.<\/p>\n

Making their own decisions<\/h4>\n

The reason D.A.R.E. didn\u2019t work, Hashemi said, is because of a cognitive dissonance between the messaging and what kids saw in real life. Warnings about the negative outcomes like overdoses, \u201cbrain rot\u201d and addiction simply didn\u2019t resonate. That paradox persists in prevention-focused social media campaigns today, according to a study Hashemi published in 2024.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a similar thing that\u2019s happening now online, where our PSAs are still stuck in an abstinence-only mindset emphasizing these very serious consequences. But those messages are coming up alongside kids having fun and glamorizing their use,\u201d Hashemi said.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s why Hashemi and other experts advocate providing teenagers with honest information about drugs and safer use strategies, known as harm reduction. \u201cI would define it as both a set of strategies and knowledge, but also a philosophical attitude in how we should address things,\u201d she said. \u201cOur goal is not net sum prevention of use, it\u2019s prevention of harms.\u201d<\/p>\n

For example, it\u2019s helpful to know that a single serving of alcohol varies depending on whether you\u2019re drinking beer, wine or liquor. That way, if young people choose to drink, they have a better understanding of how much they\u2019re consuming.<\/p>\n

\u201cYoung people are going to make their own decisions,\u201d said Marsha Rosenbaum, a sociologist and harm reduction expert. \u201cSo we need to acknowledge that even if we don\u2019t like the decisions they\u2019re making.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rosenbaum helped introduce parents to the idea of harm reduction through a series of booklets entitled \u201cSafety First: A Reality-Based Approach to Teens, Drugs, and Drug Education,\u201d the first of which was released in 1999. Harm reduction was something of a taboo topic in the \u201890s, she said. And in many ways, it still is today.<\/p>\n

Luke Niforatos, executive vice president of advocacy organization Smart Approaches to Marijuana, believes that harm reduction has gone too far in normalizing substance use and abuse, and that it often sends the wrong message to America\u2019s youth. While he supports making naloxone more accessible, other safer use initiatives, like supervised needle injection sites, do little to help drug users get treatment or work toward recovery, he said.<\/p>\n

Conversations about beverages\u2019 specific alcohol content, marijuana edible standard dosing and onset times, and the potentially therapeutic benefit of things like cannabidiol should be the responsibility of parents \u2014 not schools \u2014 Niforatos added.<\/p>\n

\u201cI understand there has to be some level of teaching in the schools, but you have to be really careful about that line because, at the end of the day, it quickly traverses over the line into teaching someone how to use instead of educating them,\u201d he said. \u201cI think the message needs to start with \u2018do not use\u2019 and then support that message with evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rosenbaum and other advocates dispute that characterization. Abstinence is part of harm reduction \u2014 in fact, it\u2019s the safest strategy of them all, she said. But presenting critical information about drugs in a nonjudgmental tone opens the door for trust building with kids and ultimately empowers them to make more informed choices, supporters say.<\/p>\n

In a sign that public attitudes are changing, Rosenbaum turned \u201cSafety First\u201d into a comprehensive drug education and intervention school curriculum in 2017. It was subsequently acquired and revised by Stanford University\u2019s REACH Lab in 2023, and is now available for schools to use\u00a0for free. With lessons about cannabis, hallucinogens, e-cigarettes, opioids and more, public health experts hope Safety First can help set a new standard for evidence-based classroom instruction. The second lesson in the curriculum provides an introduction to harm reduction.<\/p>\n

More than 629 schools across at least 46 states have used the curriculum, including schools within 15 Colorado districts, said Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, director of the REACH Lab. She estimates Safety First has reached more than 50,000 students, though it may be more than that since the curriculum is available for free online.<\/p>\n

In broader efforts to prevent opioid deaths, naloxone has become widely available nationwide at hospitals, schools and even vending machines without a prescription. In Colorado, social media campaigns encourage young adults to \u201ckeep the party safe\u201d by carrying the overdose reversal medication and testing their drugs for fentanyl.<\/p>\n

Hashemi is encouraged by this shift, but she believes harm reduction needs to expand both beyond opioids and beyond the classroom. She hopes momentum continues and drug education addresses other prominent issues teens are dealing with, such as nicotine addiction and bad trips from psychedelics. She also wants to see social media campaigns, public service announcements and other digital campaigns reach kids online, where they already spend a lot of time. (A 2024 study suggests video and computer games are cost-effective interventions to explore.)<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen you expose the kids themselves to harm reduction education, they run with it,\u201d Hashemi added. \u201cBut if we do not use fentanyl as a Trojan horse to do harm reduction around all drugs, this moment is going to sort of pass us, and we\u2019re not going to be giving kids the comprehensive education that they\u2019ve always deserved.\u201d<\/p>\n

This series was reported with support of the Ferriss-UC Berkeley Psychedelic Journalism Fellowship.<\/em><\/p>\n

Read more 5 tips for how to talk to kids about drugs<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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